The notepad font is not editable but you can change it through the registry. Go to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\config\0001\display\settings modify fixedfon.fon to a new font name. We haven't tried True Type fonts yet (.TTF). Restart to take effect.
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Saturday, July 25, 2009
Restore Start Menu To Alphabetical Order
We always liked the alphabetical order of the Start Menu. It will help organize things. But we noticed that with IE4 (and Windows 98), Windows will arrange all items that is in the Start Menu in alphabetical order first during installation.
Now for the problem. You will also notice that after the installation of Windows, all new folders added will be placed below the single items that comes with Windows. This means that there will be 3 sections, one for folders, one for single items and another one for new folders after installation. Wondering why Windows can't just group all the folders together in alphabetical order but to put new folders apart from the old ones after install?
The answer lies in the registry. Open your registry editor and go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\MenuOrder\Start Menu Click once on Menu and on the right pane, you will see a string value named Order. Double-click this value. On the right side, you will see a list of folder and shortcut names This string was created during install to record all folders and shortcuts. All new entries added after install will be recorded in the end of the value rather than placing them in the middle of the key which is why, although all new folders created will be placed in alphabetical order too but not together with the folders after setup.
The workaround is simple - just delete the Order value and the registry will create a new one without any order. Since the registry has lost all records on how the start menu should be arranged, restart and you will see that the start menu has been rearranged in alphabetical order - together.
This tip works on all the Start Menu branch.
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Now for the problem. You will also notice that after the installation of Windows, all new folders added will be placed below the single items that comes with Windows. This means that there will be 3 sections, one for folders, one for single items and another one for new folders after installation. Wondering why Windows can't just group all the folders together in alphabetical order but to put new folders apart from the old ones after install?
The answer lies in the registry. Open your registry editor and go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\MenuOrder\Start Menu Click once on Menu and on the right pane, you will see a string value named Order. Double-click this value. On the right side, you will see a list of folder and shortcut names This string was created during install to record all folders and shortcuts. All new entries added after install will be recorded in the end of the value rather than placing them in the middle of the key which is why, although all new folders created will be placed in alphabetical order too but not together with the folders after setup.
The workaround is simple - just delete the Order value and the registry will create a new one without any order. Since the registry has lost all records on how the start menu should be arranged, restart and you will see that the start menu has been rearranged in alphabetical order - together.
This tip works on all the Start Menu branch.
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Disabling My Computer
In areas where you are trying to restrict what users can do on the computer, it might be beneficial to disable the ability to click on My Computer and have access to the drives, control panel etc.
To disable this:
1.Open RegEdit
2.Search for 20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D
3.This should bring you to the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID section
4.Delete the entire section.
Now when you click on My Computer, nothing will happen.
You might want to export this section to a Registry file before deleting it just in case you want to enable it again. Or you can rename it to 20D0HideMyComputer4FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D. You can also hide all the Desktop Icons, see Change/Add restrictions
.
To disable this:
1.Open RegEdit
2.Search for 20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D
3.This should bring you to the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID section
4.Delete the entire section.
Now when you click on My Computer, nothing will happen.
You might want to export this section to a Registry file before deleting it just in case you want to enable it again. Or you can rename it to 20D0HideMyComputer4FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D. You can also hide all the Desktop Icons, see Change/Add restrictions
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Automatic Screen Refresh
When you make changes to your file system and use Explorer, the changes are not usually displayed until you press the F5 key
To refresh automatically:
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Update
3. Set the value name "UpdateMode" to 1
.
To refresh automatically:
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Update
3. Set the value name "UpdateMode" to 1
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Adding an Application to the Right Click on Every Folder
Here is how to add any application to the Context Menu when you right click on any Folder. This way you do not have to always go to the Start Menu. When you right click on any folder, you can have access to that application, the same as using Sent To.
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Folder\shell
3. Add a new Key to the "Shell" Key and name it anything you like.
4. Give it a default value that will appear when you right click a folder, i.e. NewKey (use an "&" without the quotes, in front of any character and it will allow you to use the keyboard)
5. Click on the Key HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Folder\shell\NewKey
6. Add a New Key named Command
7. Set the (Default) value of the application you want to run
For example: c:\program files\internet explorer\iexplore.exe (Include the full path and parameters if you need them)
.
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Folder\shell
3. Add a new Key to the "Shell" Key and name it anything you like.
4. Give it a default value that will appear when you right click a folder, i.e. NewKey (use an "&" without the quotes, in front of any character and it will allow you to use the keyboard)
5. Click on the Key HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Folder\shell\NewKey
6. Add a New Key named Command
7. Set the (Default) value of the application you want to run
For example: c:\program files\internet explorer\iexplore.exe (Include the full path and parameters if you need them)
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Changing Windows' Icons
You can change the Icons Windows uses for folders, the Start Menu, opened and closed folder in the Explorer, and many more.
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ Software\ Microsoft\ Windows\ CurrentVersion\ Explorer\ Shell Icons
3. Add a string value for each Icon you wish to change.
Example: "3" ="C:\Windows\Icons\MyIcon.ico,0" This will change the closed folders in the Explorer to "MyIcon.ico". Here is a complete list for each value.
0= Unknown file type
1= MSN file types
2= Applications Generic
3= Closed Folder
4= Open Folder
5= 5.25" Drive
6= 3.25" Drive
7= Removable Drive
8= Hard Drive
9= NetWork Drive
10= Network Drive Offline
11= CD-ROM Drive
12= RAM Drive
13= Entire Network
14= Network Hub
15= My Computer
16= Printer
17= Network Neighborhood
18= Network Workgroup
19= Start Menu's Program Folders
20= Start Menu's Documents
21= Start Menu's Setting
22= Start Menu's Find
23= Start Menu's Help
24= Start Menu's Run
25= Start Menu's Suspend
26= Start Menu's PC Undock
27= Start Menu's Shutdown
28= Shared
29= Shortcut Arrow
30= (Unknown Overlay)
31= Recycle Bin Empty
32= Recycle Bin Full
33= Dial-up Network
34= DeskTop
35= Control Panel
36= Start Menu's Programs
37= Printer Folder
38= Fonts Folder
39= Taskbar Icon
40= Audio CD
You need to reboot after making changes. You may need to delete the hidden file ShellIconCache if after rebooting the desired Icons are not displayed
.
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ Software\ Microsoft\ Windows\ CurrentVersion\ Explorer\ Shell Icons
3. Add a string value for each Icon you wish to change.
Example: "3" ="C:\Windows\Icons\MyIcon.ico,0" This will change the closed folders in the Explorer to "MyIcon.ico". Here is a complete list for each value.
0= Unknown file type
1= MSN file types
2= Applications Generic
3= Closed Folder
4= Open Folder
5= 5.25" Drive
6= 3.25" Drive
7= Removable Drive
8= Hard Drive
9= NetWork Drive
10= Network Drive Offline
11= CD-ROM Drive
12= RAM Drive
13= Entire Network
14= Network Hub
15= My Computer
16= Printer
17= Network Neighborhood
18= Network Workgroup
19= Start Menu's Program Folders
20= Start Menu's Documents
21= Start Menu's Setting
22= Start Menu's Find
23= Start Menu's Help
24= Start Menu's Run
25= Start Menu's Suspend
26= Start Menu's PC Undock
27= Start Menu's Shutdown
28= Shared
29= Shortcut Arrow
30= (Unknown Overlay)
31= Recycle Bin Empty
32= Recycle Bin Full
33= Dial-up Network
34= DeskTop
35= Control Panel
36= Start Menu's Programs
37= Printer Folder
38= Fonts Folder
39= Taskbar Icon
40= Audio CD
You need to reboot after making changes. You may need to delete the hidden file ShellIconCache if after rebooting the desired Icons are not displayed
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Add Open With to all files
You can add "Open With..." to the Right click context menu of all files.This is great for when you have several programs you want to open the same file types with.
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\*\Shell
3. Add a new Key named "OpenWith" by right clicking the "Shell" Key and selecting new
4. Set the (Default) to "Op&en With..."
5. Add a new Key named "Command" by right clicking the "OpenWith" Key and selecting new
6. Set the (Default) to "C:\Windows\rundll32.exe shell32.dll,OpenAs_RunDLL %1", C:\ being your Windows drive. You must enter the "OpenAs_RunDLL %1" exactly this way
.
1. Open RegEdit
2. Go to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\*\Shell
3. Add a new Key named "OpenWith" by right clicking the "Shell" Key and selecting new
4. Set the (Default) to "Op&en With..."
5. Add a new Key named "Command" by right clicking the "OpenWith" Key and selecting new
6. Set the (Default) to "C:\Windows\rundll32.exe shell32.dll,OpenAs_RunDLL %1", C:\ being your Windows drive. You must enter the "OpenAs_RunDLL %1" exactly this way
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Backup / Restore the Registry
To Backup/Restore the Windows Registry:
If you are in MSDOS, at the C:\Windows prompt type
Attrib -s -r -h C:\Windows\System.dat (press Enter)
Attrib -s -r -h C:\Windows\User.dat (press Enter)
To make the backup copies type:
copy C:\Windows\System.dat C:\Windows\System.000 (press Enter)
copy C:\Windows\User.dat C:\Windows\user.000 (press Enter)
To Restore the Registry
copy C:\Windows\System.000 C:\Windows\System.dat (press Enter)
copy C:\Windows\User.000 C:\Windows\user.dat (press Enter)
.
If you are in MSDOS, at the C:\Windows prompt type
Attrib -s -r -h C:\Windows\System.dat (press Enter)
Attrib -s -r -h C:\Windows\User.dat (press Enter)
To make the backup copies type:
copy C:\Windows\System.dat C:\Windows\System.000 (press Enter)
copy C:\Windows\User.dat C:\Windows\user.000 (press Enter)
To Restore the Registry
copy C:\Windows\System.000 C:\Windows\System.dat (press Enter)
copy C:\Windows\User.000 C:\Windows\user.dat (press Enter)
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Tuesday, July 21, 2009
Fedora / Red Hat Network Configuration Files
/etc/sysconfig/network
Red Hat network configuration file used by the system during the boot process.
File: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
Configuration settings for your first ethernet port (0). Your second port is eth1.
File:
/etc/modprobe.conf (kernel 2.6)
/etc/modules.conf (kernel 2.4)
(or for older systems: /etc/conf.modules)
Example statement for Intel ethernet card:
alias eth0 eepro100
Modules for other devices on the system will also be listed. This tells the kernel which device driver to use if configured as a loadable module. (default for Red Hat)
Fedora / Red Hat Network GUI Configuration Tools:
The following GUI tools edit the system configuration files. There is no difference in the configuration developed with the GUI tools and that developed by editing system configuration files directly.
TCP/IP ethernet configuration:
Network configuration:
/usr/sbin/system-config-network (FC-2/3) GUI shown here --->
/usr/bin/redhat-config-network (/usr/bin/neat) (RH 7.2+ FC-1)
Text console configuration tool:
/usr/sbin/system-config-network-tui (Text User Interface (TUI) for Fedora Core 2/3)
/usr/bin/redhat-config-network-tui (RH 9.0 - FC-1)
Text console network configuration tool.
First interface only - eth0: /usr/sbin/netconfig
/usr/bin/netcfg (GUI) (last available with RH 7.1)
Gnome Desktop:
Gnome Desktop Network Configuration
/usr/bin/gnome-network-preferences (RH 9.0 - FC-3)
Proxy configuration. Choose one of three options:
Direct internet connection
Manual proxy configuration (specify proxy and port)
Automatic proxy configuration (give URL)
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Red Hat network configuration file used by the system during the boot process.
File: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
Configuration settings for your first ethernet port (0). Your second port is eth1.
File:
/etc/modprobe.conf (kernel 2.6)
/etc/modules.conf (kernel 2.4)
(or for older systems: /etc/conf.modules)
Example statement for Intel ethernet card:
alias eth0 eepro100
Modules for other devices on the system will also be listed. This tells the kernel which device driver to use if configured as a loadable module. (default for Red Hat)
Fedora / Red Hat Network GUI Configuration Tools:
The following GUI tools edit the system configuration files. There is no difference in the configuration developed with the GUI tools and that developed by editing system configuration files directly.
TCP/IP ethernet configuration:
Network configuration:
/usr/sbin/system-config-network (FC-2/3) GUI shown here --->
/usr/bin/redhat-config-network (/usr/bin/neat) (RH 7.2+ FC-1)
Text console configuration tool:
/usr/sbin/system-config-network-tui (Text User Interface (TUI) for Fedora Core 2/3)
/usr/bin/redhat-config-network-tui (RH 9.0 - FC-1)
Text console network configuration tool.
First interface only - eth0: /usr/sbin/netconfig
/usr/bin/netcfg (GUI) (last available with RH 7.1)
Gnome Desktop:
Gnome Desktop Network Configuration
/usr/bin/gnome-network-preferences (RH 9.0 - FC-3)
Proxy configuration. Choose one of three options:
Direct internet connection
Manual proxy configuration (specify proxy and port)
Automatic proxy configuration (give URL)
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Usefull Linux networking commands
• /etc/rc.d/init.d/network start - command to start, restart or stop the network
• netstat - Display connections, routing tables, stats etc
* List externally connected processes: netstat -punta
* List all connected processes: netstat -nap
* Show network statistics: netstat -s
* Kernel interface table info: netstat -a -i eth0
• ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts. Use Cntl-C to stop ping.
• traceroute - print the route packets take to network host.
(Ubuntu Note: Typically Ubuntu installs tracepath for IPv4 and traceroute6 for IPv6. One can install traceroute: apt-get install traceroute)
* traceroute IP-address-of-server
* traceroute domain-name-of-server
• mtr - a network diagnostic tool introduced in Fedora - Like traceroute except it gives more network quality and network diagnostic info. Leave running to get real time stats. Reports best and worst round trip times in milliseconds.
* mtr IP-address-of-server
* mtr domain-name-of-server
• whois - Lookup a domain name in the internic whois database.
• finger - Display information on a system user. i.e. finger user@host Uses $HOME/.plan and $HOME/.project user files. Often used by game developers. See http://finger.planetquake.com/
• iptables - IP firewall administration (Linux kernel 2.6/2.4) See YoLinux firewall/gateway configuration.
• ipchains - IP firewall administration (Linux kernel 2.2) See YoLinux firewall/gateway configuration.
• socklist - Display list of open sockets, type, port, process id and the name of the process. Kill with fuser or kill.
• host - Give a host name and the command will return IP address. Unlike nslookup, the host command will use both /etc/hosts as well as DNS.
Example: host domain-name-of-server
• nslookup - Give a host name and the command will return IP address. Also see Testing your DNS (YoLinux Tutorial) Note that nslookup does not use the /etc/hosts file.
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• netstat - Display connections, routing tables, stats etc
* List externally connected processes: netstat -punta
* List all connected processes: netstat -nap
* Show network statistics: netstat -s
* Kernel interface table info: netstat -a -i eth0
• ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts. Use Cntl-C to stop ping.
• traceroute - print the route packets take to network host.
(Ubuntu Note: Typically Ubuntu installs tracepath for IPv4 and traceroute6 for IPv6. One can install traceroute: apt-get install traceroute)
* traceroute IP-address-of-server
* traceroute domain-name-of-server
• mtr - a network diagnostic tool introduced in Fedora - Like traceroute except it gives more network quality and network diagnostic info. Leave running to get real time stats. Reports best and worst round trip times in milliseconds.
* mtr IP-address-of-server
* mtr domain-name-of-server
• whois - Lookup a domain name in the internic whois database.
• finger - Display information on a system user. i.e. finger user@host Uses $HOME/.plan and $HOME/.project user files. Often used by game developers. See http://finger.planetquake.com/
• iptables - IP firewall administration (Linux kernel 2.6/2.4) See YoLinux firewall/gateway configuration.
• ipchains - IP firewall administration (Linux kernel 2.2) See YoLinux firewall/gateway configuration.
• socklist - Display list of open sockets, type, port, process id and the name of the process. Kill with fuser or kill.
• host - Give a host name and the command will return IP address. Unlike nslookup, the host command will use both /etc/hosts as well as DNS.
Example: host domain-name-of-server
• nslookup - Give a host name and the command will return IP address. Also see Testing your DNS (YoLinux Tutorial) Note that nslookup does not use the /etc/hosts file.
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Activating and De-Activating your NIC
Commands for starting and stopping TCP/IP network services on an interface:
Activate: /sbin/ifup eth0
(Also: ifconfig eth0 up - Note: Even if no IP address is assigned you can listen.)
De-Activate: /sbin/ifdown eth0
(Also: ifconfig eth0 down)
These scripts use the scripts and NIC config
files in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
GUI Interface control/configuration:
Start/Stop network interfaces
/usr/bin/system-control-network (Fedora Core 2/3)
/usr/bin/redhat-control-network (RH 9.0 - FC-1)
Configure Ethernet, ISDN, modem, token Ring, Wireless or DSL network connection:
/usr/sbin/system-config-network-druid (FC2/3)
/usr/sbin/redhat-config-network-druid (RH 9 - FC-1)
.
Activate: /sbin/ifup eth0
(Also: ifconfig eth0 up - Note: Even if no IP address is assigned you can listen.)
De-Activate: /sbin/ifdown eth0
(Also: ifconfig eth0 down)
These scripts use the scripts and NIC config
files in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
GUI Interface control/configuration:
Start/Stop network interfaces
/usr/bin/system-control-network (Fedora Core 2/3)
/usr/bin/redhat-control-network (RH 9.0 - FC-1)
Configure Ethernet, ISDN, modem, token Ring, Wireless or DSL network connection:
/usr/sbin/system-config-network-druid (FC2/3)
/usr/sbin/redhat-config-network-druid (RH 9 - FC-1)
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Network IP aliasing
Assign more than one IP address to one ethernet card:
ifconfig eth0 XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast XXX.XXX.XXX.255
ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.10.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.10.255
ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.10.14 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.10.255
route add -host XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX dev eth0
route add -host 192.168.10.12 dev eth0
route add -host 192.168.10.14 dev eth0
In this example 0 and 1 are aliases in addition to the regular eth0. The result of the ifconfig command:
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:4C:25:7A:3F
inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:14218 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1362 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:1 txqueuelen:100
Interrupt:5 Base address:0xe400
eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:4C:25:7A:3F
inet addr:192.168.10.12 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:5 Base address:0xe400
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:4C:25:7A:3F
inet addr:192.168.10.14 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:5 Base address:0xe400
Config file: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:0
DEVICE=eth0:0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=192.168.10.255
IPADDR=192.168.10.12
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.10.0
ONBOOT=yes
Aliases can also be shut down independently. i.e.: ifdown eth0:0
The option during kernel compile is: CONFIG_IP_ALIAS=y
.
ifconfig eth0 XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast XXX.XXX.XXX.255
ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.10.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.10.255
ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.10.14 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.10.255
route add -host XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX dev eth0
route add -host 192.168.10.12 dev eth0
route add -host 192.168.10.14 dev eth0
In this example 0 and 1 are aliases in addition to the regular eth0. The result of the ifconfig command:
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:4C:25:7A:3F
inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:14218 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1362 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:1 txqueuelen:100
Interrupt:5 Base address:0xe400
eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:4C:25:7A:3F
inet addr:192.168.10.12 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:5 Base address:0xe400
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:4C:25:7A:3F
inet addr:192.168.10.14 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:5 Base address:0xe400
Config file: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:0
DEVICE=eth0:0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=192.168.10.255
IPADDR=192.168.10.12
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.10.0
ONBOOT=yes
Aliases can also be shut down independently. i.e.: ifdown eth0:0
The option during kernel compile is: CONFIG_IP_ALIAS=y
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Sunday, July 19, 2009
Disable Microsoft Error Reporting
* Method #1 Using Control Panel
+ Open Control Panel
+ Click Performance and Maintenance
+ Click System
+ Click Advance Tab
+ Click Error Reporting button at the bottom
+ Select Disable Error Reporting
+ Click the "But notify me when a critical error occurs" (This is user's choice, personally I would leave this disabled too)
* Method #2 Using The Registry
+ Click Start
+ Click Run
+ Type in
regedit.exe
.
+ Find the following Registry Key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main
+ Highlight the Main Key
+ Create a new DWORD and name it IEWatsonEnabled
+ Double click the IEWatsonEnabled name and give it a value of "0" to Disable, "1' to Enable
.
Multiple Login In GMAIL
Create a shortcut of your Google talk.
Right click the shortcut ----> choose Properties.
In the "Target" you will find this
Code:
"C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe"
Assuming you have installed in C:
Now at the end of target add this "/nomutex" without the quotes.
It should be like this
Code:
"C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe" /nomutex
There is a space after googletalk.exe"
Thats it .Click OK and you can open more than one Google talk
.
Right click the shortcut ----> choose Properties.
In the "Target" you will find this
Code:
"C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe"
Assuming you have installed in C:
Now at the end of target add this "/nomutex" without the quotes.
It should be like this
Code:
"C:\Program Files\Google\Google Talk\googletalk.exe" /nomutex
There is a space after googletalk.exe"
Thats it .Click OK and you can open more than one Google talk
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Setup Network File Sharing Server In Red-Hat Linux
NFS server gives user ability to share his/her works in the network. Here is setup method of NFS server in just 4 simple steps.
Setup Network File Sharing Server
Basic: Configuration file exits in /etc/exports
Step 1: Create a directory you want to share
Step 2: Edit exports file
Step 3: now restart the portmap & nfs services
service portmap restart
service nfs restart
Step 4: check NFS Server
U can also use #mount t NFS 192, where tis use to define the server type
And NFS is the type of the server.
.
Setup Network File Sharing Server
Basic: Configuration file exits in /etc/exports
Step 1: Create a directory you want to share
Step 2: Edit exports file
Step 3: now restart the portmap & nfs services
service portmap restart
service nfs restart
Step 4: check NFS Server
U can also use #mount t NFS 192, where tis use to define the server type
And NFS is the type of the server.
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Uploading multiple images
The Blogger post editor has a photo upload icon 
Blogger photo upload icon which when clicked upon will open the photo upload dialog window (see screen shot below):
Click CHOOSE FILE and select the image you want to upload from your computer, then tick the radio button for one of 4 layouts - none, left, center right. If you have only 1 photo to upload, then click UPLOAD IMAGE. If you have multiple images and you want the same layout for all of them, then click ADD ANOTHER IMAGE, in which case another CHOSE FILE button will appear. Chose your second image from your computer. Repeat for more images, and when you have finished selecting all the images, click UPLOAD IMAGE.
.
Blogger photo upload icon which when clicked upon will open the photo upload dialog window (see screen shot below):
Click CHOOSE FILE and select the image you want to upload from your computer, then tick the radio button for one of 4 layouts - none, left, center right. If you have only 1 photo to upload, then click UPLOAD IMAGE. If you have multiple images and you want the same layout for all of them, then click ADD ANOTHER IMAGE, in which case another CHOSE FILE button will appear. Chose your second image from your computer. Repeat for more images, and when you have finished selecting all the images, click UPLOAD IMAGE.
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Saturday, July 18, 2009
Change Windows XP Home to Windows XP Professional
Please try this at your own risk
Follow these steps
1. Copy the root directory and the i386 directory of the WindowsXP CD to your hard drive.
2. Extract the Bootsector of your Windows XP CD. You can use BBIE to do this.
3. Click START–>RUN–>REGEDIT
4. Highlight HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
5. Click FILE–>LOAD HIVE and select the Setupreg.hiv file
This file is located in the i386 folder. Use the one you extracted to your hard drive from your Windows XP CD.
6. Locate the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Homekey\ControlSet001\Services\setupdd
7. Edit the DEFAULT key and change the following values:
01 to 00
02 to 00
8. Change the name to the value HOMEKEY to anything.
9. Locate the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Homekey\ControlSet001\Services\setupdd
Edit the DEFAULT key and change the following values:
01 to 00
02 to 00
10. Highlight HOMEKEY and select FILE–>UNLOAD HIVE
.
Follow these steps
1. Copy the root directory and the i386 directory of the WindowsXP CD to your hard drive.
2. Extract the Bootsector of your Windows XP CD. You can use BBIE to do this.
3. Click START–>RUN–>REGEDIT
4. Highlight HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
5. Click FILE–>LOAD HIVE and select the Setupreg.hiv file
This file is located in the i386 folder. Use the one you extracted to your hard drive from your Windows XP CD.
6. Locate the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Homekey\ControlSet001\Services\setupdd
7. Edit the DEFAULT key and change the following values:
01 to 00
02 to 00
8. Change the name to the value HOMEKEY to anything.
9. Locate the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Homekey\ControlSet001\Services\setupdd
Edit the DEFAULT key and change the following values:
01 to 00
02 to 00
10. Highlight HOMEKEY and select FILE–>UNLOAD HIVE
.
Error - ''boot_unmountable_drive'' when installing XP
For those who are getting this error when you try to install WinXP on a motherboard that has UDMA 100 Promise Controllers you need to do the following in order to get XP to install correctly if your hard drives are connected to the UDMA 100 controller.
Now there are two ways to get XP installed, the first one I am going to mention is the easiest way and the second is a bit more complicated but will work never the less.
#1 - Easiest Way
I have an Asus A7V motherboard and I have run into this more than once. What you need to do (this is the easiest way to do it that I have found) is to move your hard drives cable off the UDMA 100 controller (normally color coded blue) over to the UDMA 66 master controller on the motherboard. Once you have done that make sure your PC still boots into your current OS correctly. If it does then start your XP install or upgrade. Everything should be fine. Now, once XP is up on My Computer and choose Manage. Look under Device manager and you will see an error with a yellow exclamation point on it. Right click on it and install the Promise Drivers. You can download them directly from here -
ftp://ftp.promise.com/Controllers/IDE/Ultra66/UltraFamily/U100d160b32.zip
Once you have the drivers installed re-boot the system and make sure the yellow exclamation points are gone and the promise drivers are listed under SCSI devices, if they are then turn off your system, move the HD's back to the UDMA 100 controller and boot it up. That should fix it.
#2 - Fresh Install
If you plan on installing XP to a freshly formatted hard drive the easiest way I have found to do this is to use the above method but for those with only one UDMA 66 controller on there motherboard you may need to do the following:
- First use the URL above and download the Promise drivers from the Promise website.
- Second you need to extract the drivers to a floppy or to the partition on your hard drive that XP can see (FAT32 works great for this) but there is a trick to this in order to make XP see the drivers. Once you extract the drivers the promise drivers automatically make folders for each individual OS (see screen shot), what you need to do is move the files from under the Win2K directory to the of the Promise Folder. So you take the three files under the Win2K folder and copy them, don't move them but copy them to the root of the main folder where you extracted the Promise drivers to (if you don't see three files go to Tools/Folder Options/View and check "show hidden files"). The three files you need to copy to the area are:
- Ultra.cat- Ultra.inf- Ultra.sys
Now that you have all the files in the copy them to a floppy, reboot (if needed) and start your install of XP.
Now pay attention here - at the bottom of the very first blue setup screen you will see a prompt to hit F6 to install third party SCSI or RAID drivers. HIT F6 A FEW TIMES NOW!!! Now it might take a couple of seconds but you should be prompted to insert your drivers into your floppy drive. Do so and choose the Promise ATA100 controller. Keep this disk handy as you will be prompted for it one more time during the install.
Once XP has the drivers and loads them successfully XP should install just fine, well at least as far as the controller goes.
.
Now there are two ways to get XP installed, the first one I am going to mention is the easiest way and the second is a bit more complicated but will work never the less.
#1 - Easiest Way
I have an Asus A7V motherboard and I have run into this more than once. What you need to do (this is the easiest way to do it that I have found) is to move your hard drives cable off the UDMA 100 controller (normally color coded blue) over to the UDMA 66 master controller on the motherboard. Once you have done that make sure your PC still boots into your current OS correctly. If it does then start your XP install or upgrade. Everything should be fine. Now, once XP is up on My Computer and choose Manage. Look under Device manager and you will see an error with a yellow exclamation point on it. Right click on it and install the Promise Drivers. You can download them directly from here -
ftp://ftp.promise.com/Controllers/IDE/Ultra66/UltraFamily/U100d160b32.zip
Once you have the drivers installed re-boot the system and make sure the yellow exclamation points are gone and the promise drivers are listed under SCSI devices, if they are then turn off your system, move the HD's back to the UDMA 100 controller and boot it up. That should fix it.
#2 - Fresh Install
If you plan on installing XP to a freshly formatted hard drive the easiest way I have found to do this is to use the above method but for those with only one UDMA 66 controller on there motherboard you may need to do the following:
- First use the URL above and download the Promise drivers from the Promise website.
- Second you need to extract the drivers to a floppy or to the partition on your hard drive that XP can see (FAT32 works great for this) but there is a trick to this in order to make XP see the drivers. Once you extract the drivers the promise drivers automatically make folders for each individual OS (see screen shot), what you need to do is move the files from under the Win2K directory to the of the Promise Folder. So you take the three files under the Win2K folder and copy them, don't move them but copy them to the root of the main folder where you extracted the Promise drivers to (if you don't see three files go to Tools/Folder Options/View and check "show hidden files"). The three files you need to copy to the area are:
- Ultra.cat- Ultra.inf- Ultra.sys
Now that you have all the files in the copy them to a floppy, reboot (if needed) and start your install of XP.
Now pay attention here - at the bottom of the very first blue setup screen you will see a prompt to hit F6 to install third party SCSI or RAID drivers. HIT F6 A FEW TIMES NOW!!! Now it might take a couple of seconds but you should be prompted to insert your drivers into your floppy drive. Do so and choose the Promise ATA100 controller. Keep this disk handy as you will be prompted for it one more time during the install.
Once XP has the drivers and loads them successfully XP should install just fine, well at least as far as the controller goes.
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How to Rename the Recycle Bin
To change the name of the Recycle Bin desktop icon, open Regedit and go to:
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT/CLSID/{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}
and change the name "Recycle Bin" to whatever you want (don't type any quotes).
.
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT/CLSID/{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}
and change the name "Recycle Bin" to whatever you want (don't type any quotes).
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Windows XP Step-by-Step Installation Instructions
These steps are for a clean install of XP. Read this article for steps on upgrading your current system to XP.
First, you're going to need to change your BIOS boot order to boot from CD-ROM. Once you do this you'll then be able to boot your computer from the Installation CD.
After changing the boot order in BIOS, save the changes, and then reboot your computer. Make sure your Installation CD is in your CD-ROM. If it is you'll be prompted to press your space bar to directly boot from CD-ROM emulation. Press your space bar as soon as you see this message.
Wait a few minutes while the installation begins to copy the preliminary setup files to your computer. After this completes you'll be ready to start directing the install process.
You will be asked if you want to perform a new installation, repair an existing installation, or quit. In this case, you will be performing a new install. Press the correct key to perform a new installation.
Read the terms of the end user license agreement, and press F8 to agree.
The next phase of the installation is real similar to that of Windows 2000. So, if you're familiar with the Windows 2000 installation process this should be a cinch.
Basically, you need to decide which partition of your hard drive you will install Windows XP on. You will have the opportunity to create and/or delete partitions or just allocate the available disk space to one partition. However, try to keep your partitions within reasonable size.
We recommend using multiple partitions of 4-8GB, preferably on more than one hard drive. This will help you back up your data and optimize system performance later on down the road. Once you have figured out which partition XP will be installed on it's time to format it.
Choose to format the partition to either FAT32 or NTFS (recommended for single OS install). You'll also see two additional choices to perform a quick format of each option. Stick with doing a full format of either option instead. After you've determined which option is right for you, press the correct key to format the partition.
This would be a good time to take a break and come back in a few minutes. The setup program will automatically start copying files after the partition is formatted.
From this point on, you're going to see each and every file name that's being copied over to your hard drive appear in the lower left corner. As the file names go from A to Z, the installation completion percentage will increase.
Choose the region and language.
Type in your name and organization.
Enter your product license key.
Name the computer, and enter an Admin password. Don't forget to write down your Administrator password. After the installation is complete it would be extremely wise to create a password restore disk in the event you forget your Administrator password someday.
Enter the correct date and time.
Choose your network settings. Leave on automatic if you use a dhcp server to assign IP addresses. If you have static IP address for broadband access, enter the settings that your ISP has provided you.
Choose workgroup or domain name.
Register this copy of Windows XP if you've installed all the current hardware on your machine. Otherwise, wait until you've finished installing any additional hardware so you don't have to activate your copy of XP again.
Add users that will sign on to this computer.
Log in, and update drivers.
Driver install
XP found drivers for all of the hardware in our test machines, with the exception of a wireless network adapter that was added. Update all drivers that had updates available for download.
It takes about 30 minutes to perform this installation. After that, you will be a few personalized settings away from getting started on your XP-experience. With a little use, the GUI even starts to grow on you.
.
First, you're going to need to change your BIOS boot order to boot from CD-ROM. Once you do this you'll then be able to boot your computer from the Installation CD.
After changing the boot order in BIOS, save the changes, and then reboot your computer. Make sure your Installation CD is in your CD-ROM. If it is you'll be prompted to press your space bar to directly boot from CD-ROM emulation. Press your space bar as soon as you see this message.
Wait a few minutes while the installation begins to copy the preliminary setup files to your computer. After this completes you'll be ready to start directing the install process.
You will be asked if you want to perform a new installation, repair an existing installation, or quit. In this case, you will be performing a new install. Press the correct key to perform a new installation.
Read the terms of the end user license agreement, and press F8 to agree.
The next phase of the installation is real similar to that of Windows 2000. So, if you're familiar with the Windows 2000 installation process this should be a cinch.
Basically, you need to decide which partition of your hard drive you will install Windows XP on. You will have the opportunity to create and/or delete partitions or just allocate the available disk space to one partition. However, try to keep your partitions within reasonable size.
We recommend using multiple partitions of 4-8GB, preferably on more than one hard drive. This will help you back up your data and optimize system performance later on down the road. Once you have figured out which partition XP will be installed on it's time to format it.
Choose to format the partition to either FAT32 or NTFS (recommended for single OS install). You'll also see two additional choices to perform a quick format of each option. Stick with doing a full format of either option instead. After you've determined which option is right for you, press the correct key to format the partition.
This would be a good time to take a break and come back in a few minutes. The setup program will automatically start copying files after the partition is formatted.
From this point on, you're going to see each and every file name that's being copied over to your hard drive appear in the lower left corner. As the file names go from A to Z, the installation completion percentage will increase.
Choose the region and language.
Type in your name and organization.
Enter your product license key.
Name the computer, and enter an Admin password. Don't forget to write down your Administrator password. After the installation is complete it would be extremely wise to create a password restore disk in the event you forget your Administrator password someday.
Enter the correct date and time.
Choose your network settings. Leave on automatic if you use a dhcp server to assign IP addresses. If you have static IP address for broadband access, enter the settings that your ISP has provided you.
Choose workgroup or domain name.
Register this copy of Windows XP if you've installed all the current hardware on your machine. Otherwise, wait until you've finished installing any additional hardware so you don't have to activate your copy of XP again.
Add users that will sign on to this computer.
Log in, and update drivers.
Driver install
XP found drivers for all of the hardware in our test machines, with the exception of a wireless network adapter that was added. Update all drivers that had updates available for download.
It takes about 30 minutes to perform this installation. After that, you will be a few personalized settings away from getting started on your XP-experience. With a little use, the GUI even starts to grow on you.
.
Optical Character Recognition
Free-OCR.com is a free online OCR (Optical Character Recognition) tool. You can use this to perform OCR on any image you supply.
This service is free, no registration necessary. We also do not need your email address.
Just upload your image files. Free-OCR takes either PDF, JPG, GIF, TIFF or BMP format.
The only restriction is that the images must not be larger than 2MB, no wider or higher than 5000 pixels and there is a limit of 10 image uploads per hour.
to convert, pleez visit
http://www.free-ocr.com/
.
This service is free, no registration necessary. We also do not need your email address.
Just upload your image files. Free-OCR takes either PDF, JPG, GIF, TIFF or BMP format.
The only restriction is that the images must not be larger than 2MB, no wider or higher than 5000 pixels and there is a limit of 10 image uploads per hour.
to convert, pleez visit
http://www.free-ocr.com/
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Why is your computer running slow?
It could be due to a number of issues, but in the end it's either a software or hardware related issue. The big culprits are file fragmentation, spyware, and not enough RAM in your computer.
Hardware issues
* Computers running with less than 1GB of RAM are generally going to be slow
Using a computer with less than 1GB RAM on Windows XP, and especially Vista can slow your programs to a crawl. Upgrading your RAM is the best and most cost-effective way to improve the speed of your computer. RAM memory upgrades are also cheap--typically less than $200, and should be closer to $100 for a decent upgrade.
Mac users should not run OS X with less than 1GB of RAM, especially if they're planning on doing anything with music, movies, or photos.
* Your computer does not have a dual-core processor
Dual-core processors are not a necessity, however, you'll notice a significant speed improvement with a dual-core processor.
* Your hard drive is overfilled
If your hard drive has less than 20% of it's free space remaining, you could be noticing slowdowns because the computer has to look longer for files before opening them. With the size of today's hard drives, typically 320-500GB for a desktop computer, users should not have a problem with this. However, if you're running an older desktop, or an older laptop with less than an 60GB hard drive, you may have less free space than you think.
Software (operating system issues)
* Windows XP has a half life
As a computer is used frequently, the Windows operating system degrades over time. File fragmentation across the hard drive slows down an otherwise OK machine. Every computer user should know this and be defragmenting on a regular basis, especially if the machine is used regularly. Another solution, which will make your computer seem brand new is to reinstall a fresh copy of Windows. Reinstalling Windows will be like starting with a new computer--no fragmentation, no spyware, no viruses, no trial software.
* Malware (Spyware, Viruses, Trojans)
Most Windows users, unless savvy with their browsing habits, are likely to have spyware crawling on their machine slowing it down. Most computer users that complain that their machine is slow.
I'd like to hear your comments and questions. . . .
.
Hardware issues
* Computers running with less than 1GB of RAM are generally going to be slow
Using a computer with less than 1GB RAM on Windows XP, and especially Vista can slow your programs to a crawl. Upgrading your RAM is the best and most cost-effective way to improve the speed of your computer. RAM memory upgrades are also cheap--typically less than $200, and should be closer to $100 for a decent upgrade.
Mac users should not run OS X with less than 1GB of RAM, especially if they're planning on doing anything with music, movies, or photos.
* Your computer does not have a dual-core processor
Dual-core processors are not a necessity, however, you'll notice a significant speed improvement with a dual-core processor.
* Your hard drive is overfilled
If your hard drive has less than 20% of it's free space remaining, you could be noticing slowdowns because the computer has to look longer for files before opening them. With the size of today's hard drives, typically 320-500GB for a desktop computer, users should not have a problem with this. However, if you're running an older desktop, or an older laptop with less than an 60GB hard drive, you may have less free space than you think.
Software (operating system issues)
* Windows XP has a half life
As a computer is used frequently, the Windows operating system degrades over time. File fragmentation across the hard drive slows down an otherwise OK machine. Every computer user should know this and be defragmenting on a regular basis, especially if the machine is used regularly. Another solution, which will make your computer seem brand new is to reinstall a fresh copy of Windows. Reinstalling Windows will be like starting with a new computer--no fragmentation, no spyware, no viruses, no trial software.
* Malware (Spyware, Viruses, Trojans)
Most Windows users, unless savvy with their browsing habits, are likely to have spyware crawling on their machine slowing it down. Most computer users that complain that their machine is slow.
I'd like to hear your comments and questions. . . .
.
Full phone formatting
note : i chq this on 6600
If you encounter situation like below on your 6600,
1. Blank screen phone unable to reboot.
2. Phone only able to boot-up to "Nokia" word screen.
3. Install some program but not able to uninstall it after that.
4. Error messages such as "Child Installer" keeps popping-up.
Do a Full phone formatting on your 6600! as steps below,
1. Make sure you have at least 3/4 charge of battery power left.
2. Backup your contacts list and personal files to MMC memory card.
3. Switch-off your 6600 phone.
4. Press and hold 3 keys;
Green dial key, * (star key) & no. 3 key and then press the power on/off to swtich on the 6600 phone.
Remember, do not let go all of the keys and hold keys until you see a formatting word screen show!
5. After a few minutes when the Full phone formatting completed, your 6600 will back to original system and factory settting.
All apps installed & not of the phones' default will be lost. If you did a backup on your mmc, you can restore it back to the C drive again.
As for the rest, you can also use *#7370# to format your phone.
.
If you encounter situation like below on your 6600,
1. Blank screen phone unable to reboot.
2. Phone only able to boot-up to "Nokia" word screen.
3. Install some program but not able to uninstall it after that.
4. Error messages such as "Child Installer" keeps popping-up.
Do a Full phone formatting on your 6600! as steps below,
1. Make sure you have at least 3/4 charge of battery power left.
2. Backup your contacts list and personal files to MMC memory card.
3. Switch-off your 6600 phone.
4. Press and hold 3 keys;
Green dial key, * (star key) & no. 3 key and then press the power on/off to swtich on the 6600 phone.
Remember, do not let go all of the keys and hold keys until you see a formatting word screen show!
5. After a few minutes when the Full phone formatting completed, your 6600 will back to original system and factory settting.
All apps installed & not of the phones' default will be lost. If you did a backup on your mmc, you can restore it back to the C drive again.
As for the rest, you can also use *#7370# to format your phone.
.
Menu Trick for Nokia
1. Code *3370# -Activate Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) - Your phone uses the best sound quality but talk time is reduced my approx 5%.
#3370# -Deactivate Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR).
2. *#4720# -Activate Half Rate Codec - Your phone uses a lower quality sound but you should gain approx 30% more Talk Time.
*#4720# -Deactivate Half Rate Codec.
3. *#0000# -Displays your phones software version, 1st Line : Software Version, 2nd Line : Software Release Date, 3rd Line : Compression Type.
4. *#9999# -Phones software version if *#0000# does not work.
5. *#06# -For checking the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI Number)
6. #pw+1234567890+1# -Provider Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols).
7. #pw+1234567890+2# -Network Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols).
8. #pw+1234567890+3# -Country Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)
9. #pw+1234567890+4# -SIM Card Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols).
10. *#147# -(vodafone) this lets you know who called you last.
11. *#1471# -Last call (Only vodofone).
12. *#21# -Allows you to check the number that "All Calls" are diverted to.
13. *#2640# -Displays security code in use
14. *#30# -Lets you see the private number.
15. *#43# -Allows you to check the "Call Waiting" status of your phone.
16. *#61# -Allows you to check the number that "On No Reply" calls are diverted to.
17. *#62# -Allows you to check the number that "Divert If Unreachable (no service)" calls are diverted to.
18. *#67# -Allows you to check the number that "On Busy Calls" are diverted to.
19. *#67705646# -Removes operator logo on 3310 & 3330
20. *#73# -Reset phone timers and game scores.
21. *#746025625# -Displays the SIM Clock status, if your phone supports this power saving feature "SIM Clock Stop Allowed", it means you will get the best standby time possible.
22. *#7760# -Manufactures code.
23. *#7780# -Restore factory settings.
24. *#8110# -Software version for the nokia 8110.
25. *#92702689# -Displays - 1.Serial Number, 2.Date Made, 3.Purchase Date, 4.Date of last repair (0000 for no repairs), 5.Transfer User Data. To exit this mode you need to switch your phone off then on again.
26. *#94870345123456789# -Deactivate the PWM-Mem.
27. **21*number# -Turn on "All Calls" diverting to the phone number entered.
28. **61*number# -Turn on "No Reply" diverting to the phone number entered.
29. **67*number# -Turn on "On Busy" diverting to the phone number entered.
30. 12345 This is the default security phone lock code.
31. press and hold # -Lets you switch between lines.
If you know any nokia codes which is not here kindly wright it in the comment box.
.
#3370# -Deactivate Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR).
2. *#4720# -Activate Half Rate Codec - Your phone uses a lower quality sound but you should gain approx 30% more Talk Time.
*#4720# -Deactivate Half Rate Codec.
3. *#0000# -Displays your phones software version, 1st Line : Software Version, 2nd Line : Software Release Date, 3rd Line : Compression Type.
4. *#9999# -Phones software version if *#0000# does not work.
5. *#06# -For checking the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI Number)
6. #pw+1234567890+1# -Provider Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols).
7. #pw+1234567890+2# -Network Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols).
8. #pw+1234567890+3# -Country Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)
9. #pw+1234567890+4# -SIM Card Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols).
10. *#147# -(vodafone) this lets you know who called you last.
11. *#1471# -Last call (Only vodofone).
12. *#21# -Allows you to check the number that "All Calls" are diverted to.
13. *#2640# -Displays security code in use
14. *#30# -Lets you see the private number.
15. *#43# -Allows you to check the "Call Waiting" status of your phone.
16. *#61# -Allows you to check the number that "On No Reply" calls are diverted to.
17. *#62# -Allows you to check the number that "Divert If Unreachable (no service)" calls are diverted to.
18. *#67# -Allows you to check the number that "On Busy Calls" are diverted to.
19. *#67705646# -Removes operator logo on 3310 & 3330
20. *#73# -Reset phone timers and game scores.
21. *#746025625# -Displays the SIM Clock status, if your phone supports this power saving feature "SIM Clock Stop Allowed", it means you will get the best standby time possible.
22. *#7760# -Manufactures code.
23. *#7780# -Restore factory settings.
24. *#8110# -Software version for the nokia 8110.
25. *#92702689# -Displays - 1.Serial Number, 2.Date Made, 3.Purchase Date, 4.Date of last repair (0000 for no repairs), 5.Transfer User Data. To exit this mode you need to switch your phone off then on again.
26. *#94870345123456789# -Deactivate the PWM-Mem.
27. **21*number# -Turn on "All Calls" diverting to the phone number entered.
28. **61*number# -Turn on "No Reply" diverting to the phone number entered.
29. **67*number# -Turn on "On Busy" diverting to the phone number entered.
30. 12345 This is the default security phone lock code.
31. press and hold # -Lets you switch between lines.
If you know any nokia codes which is not here kindly wright it in the comment box.
.
Friday, July 17, 2009
Mounting Linux Partitions Under FreeBSD
To mount ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD, you first have to build a new kernel with ext2fs support. Put the line
options “EXT2FS”
in your kernel configuration file for the new kernel and compile.
Read the FreeBSD handbook to learn how to do that.
or
Do the following steps to enable ext2fs support in the kernel:
# cd /usr/src/sys/modules/ext2fs
# make
# make install
You can use ‘kldload‘ to load the ext2fs module in to the kernel.
# kldload ext2fs
Then you will be able to mount your linux partitions by giving a command like:
# mount -t ext2fs /dev/ad1s1 /mnt
to unload module use
# kldunload ext2fs
To load the module automatically on system startup
add the following line in to /boot/loader.conf
ext2fs_load=”YES”
.
options “EXT2FS”
in your kernel configuration file for the new kernel and compile.
Read the FreeBSD handbook to learn how to do that.
or
Do the following steps to enable ext2fs support in the kernel:
# cd /usr/src/sys/modules/ext2fs
# make
# make install
You can use ‘kldload‘ to load the ext2fs module in to the kernel.
# kldload ext2fs
Then you will be able to mount your linux partitions by giving a command like:
# mount -t ext2fs /dev/ad1s1 /mnt
to unload module use
# kldunload ext2fs
To load the module automatically on system startup
add the following line in to /boot/loader.conf
ext2fs_load=”YES”
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How can Access Windows NTFS Partition From Linux
tep 1.
Install rpmforge-release package. Download it from DAG (http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages/rpmforge-release/).
Step 2.
yum install fuse fuse-ntfs-3g dkms dkms-fuse
Step 3.
Mount your ntfs volume. /dev/sdc5 is my ntfs partition.
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdc5 /mnt/win_c
.
Install rpmforge-release package. Download it from DAG (http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages/rpmforge-release/).
Step 2.
yum install fuse fuse-ntfs-3g dkms dkms-fuse
Step 3.
Mount your ntfs volume. /dev/sdc5 is my ntfs partition.
mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdc5 /mnt/win_c
.
Star Gunner game
Star Gunner Free download games.
Stargunner is one of my favorite shoot'em up games I ever had! It is a horizontal shoot'em up, and it is one of the most underrated games in shoot'em ups. The pace is fast, and the challenge is superb! The graphics are awesome too, which renders 3D models. You have lots of items to deliver, and you hunt tons of enemies and bosses, which makes this game really fun!
In the game, you control your ship by destroying enemies and dodging obstacles. Not only the enemies attack in front of you, but also side to side and backwards, collecting power-ups and credits are useful to upgrade bonuses and firepower, not to mention extra items as well. The in-game items are credit crystals, weapon upgrades, mega credits, invincibility, extra life, nuke, and shield. The stages also appear "mystery" items, which they are hidden among the stages.
The weapon upgrades increase your firepower, and they come in two forms: pulse and plasma. The problem is when you change your form, like some other shooters, you don't upgrade your firepower. You will have to take the same form to upgrade it. Plasma deals spread firepower, but fairly lack damage, while pulse deals a significant damage straight to enemies, but lacks spread shot. I go for the pulse in boss fights, since it's more powerful, even when you are not close to the bosses.
There are three difficulty levels and 33 stages. The three difficulty levels are Ensign, Captain, and Admiral, which they are easy, medium, and hard, respectively. The stages have 3 themes, and they are space, terrestrial, and aquatic areas, though Stargunner has 4 episodes.
Some things that I criticize are for retaining the credit system of Raptor: Call of the Shadows, with little emphasis on power-ups. Both of those games were published by Apogee software. Stargunner released from 1996, and released as a freeware at 2005. Stargunner also lacked multiplayer, which has the same problem as R-Type series have. The not-so techno music is somewhat mediocre, and the enemies are difficult to encounter.
Overall, Stargunner has its smooth, colorful theme, and it is highly recommended to shoot'em up fans. The game is still freeware.
download now
.
Defensor Free Game
Defensor is a highly-rated, superior-quality, horizontally-scrolling, shoot-them-up game for the PC. Defend the planetoid against alien invasion. Protect the humanoids from abduction and more. Destroy the waves of multiple alien bug types, all with individual characteristics, collect bonuses and power-ups, and prepare to battle the mother alien.
Due to the dynamic nature of the graphics, with fast, smooth multi-layer parallax scrolling, static screenshots just cannot do justice to the game.
download now
.
Free 4D Prince Of Persia game
4D Prince of Persia is platform / action game, where the evil Jaffar has captured your princess and you as the prince have to save her. You first have to find a sword to start fighting your way through Jaffars guards. Sword fighting is quite hard and it takes time to get the hang of it. You have 60 minutes time to complete this game or your princess will be killed. To play this game in 60 minutes you really have to hurry, because this game is rather large.
download now
.
Free Parking Dash Game
Join Flo`s™ hip new friend Karma as she racks, tracks, and stacks customer`s cars in this latest, thrilling Dash™ game! Return to DinerTown and turn the empty parking lot behind Flo`s Diner into a thriving business. Keep the lot in tip-top shape with exciting extras and upgrades! Click quickly to park, stack, and return cars to their sometimes antsy owners. Test-drive Parking Dash today!
download now
.
Free Hornado Action Game
This is a side scrolling space shoot 'em up. In the game you get to collect more weapons to your ship from the ships that you destroy. You may get weapons that shoot backwards or weapons that shoot in multiple projectiles at once. There are many different levels that you have to complete and in the end of every level you will naturally meet a big boss that you have to kill. When you start to play this game you will propably die a few times and have to start over, but you will get the hang of this game quite fast.
download now
Enable Fast Shutdown
To enable fast shutdown open the registry editor. (Start-->Run-->Regedit) and go to the key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Shutdown. Create a string key called FastReboot and give it a value of 1.
some useful DOS Prompt Commands
1 ANSI.SYS -- Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.
2 APPEND -- Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.
3 ARP -- Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices
4 ASSIGN -- Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter
5 ASSOC -- View the file associations
6 AT -- Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.
7 ATMADM -- Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.
8 ATTRIB -- Display and change file attributes.
9 BATCH -- NRecovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.
10 BOOTCFG -- Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.ini
11 BREAK -- Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.
12 CACLS -- View and modify file ACL's.
13 CALL -- Calls a batch file from another batch file.
14 CD -- Changes directories.
15 CHCP -- Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.
16 CHDIR -- Changes directories.
17 CHKDSK -- Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.
18 CHKNTFS -- Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.
19 CHOICE -- Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.
20 CLS -- Clears the screen.
21 CMD -- Opens the command interpreter.
22 COLOR -- Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.
23 COMP -- Compares files.
24 COMPACT -- Compresses and uncompress files.
25 CONTROL -- Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.
26 CONVERT Convert FAT to NTFS.
27 COPY -- Copy one or more files to an alternate location.
28 CTTY -- Change the computers input/output devices.
29 DATE -- View or change the systems date.
30 DEBUG -- Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.
31 DEFRAG -- Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.
32 DEL -- Deletes one or more files.
33 DELETE -- Recovery console command that deletes a file.
34 DELTREE -- Deletes one or more files and/or directories.
35 DIR -- List the contents of one or more directory.
36 DISABLE -- Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.
37 DISKCOMP -- Compare a disk with another disk.
38 DISKCOPY -- Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.
39 DOSKEY -- Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.
40 DOSSHELL -- A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.
41 DRIVPARM -- Enables overwrite of original device drivers.
42 ECHO -- Displays messages and enables and disables echo.
43 EDIT -- View and edit files.
44 EDLIN -- View and edit files.
45 EMM386 -- Load extended Memory Manager.
46 ENABLE -- Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.
47 ENDLOCAL -- Stops the localization of the environment changes
enabled by the setlocal command.
48 ERASE -- Erase files from computer.
49 EXPAND -- Expand a Microsoft Windows file back to it's original format.
50 EXIT -- Exit from the command interpreter.
51 EXTRACT -- Extract files from the Microsoft Windows cabinets.
52 FASTHELP -- Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them
53 FC -- Compare files.
54 FDISK -- Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.
55 FIND -- Search for text within a file.
56 FINDSTR -- Searches for a string of text within a file.
57 FIXBOOT -- Writes a new boot sector.
59 FIXMBR -- Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.
60 FOR -- Boolean used in batch files.
61 FORMAT -- Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.
62 FTP -- Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.
63 FTYPE -- Displays or modifies file types used in file extension
associations.
64 GOTO -- Moves a batch file to a specific label or location.
65 GRAFTABL -- Show extended characters in graphics mode.
66 HELP -- Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.
67 IF -- Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.
68 IFSHLP.SYS -- 32-bit file manager.
69 IPCONFIG -- Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.
70 KEYB -- Change layout of keyboard.
71 LABEL -- Change the label of a disk drive.
72 LH -- Load a device driver in to high memory.
73 LISTSVC -- Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.
74 LOADFIX -- Load a program above the first 64k.
75 LOADHIGH -- Load a device driver in to high memory.
76 LOCK -- Lock the hard disk drive.
77 LOGON -- Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.
78 MAP -- Displays the device name of a drive.
79 MD -- Command to create a new directory.
80 MEM -- Display memory on system.
81 MKDIR -- Command to create a new directory.
82 MODE -- Modify the port or display settings.
83 MORE -- Display one page at a time.
84 MOVE -- Move one or more files from one directory to another DIRECTORY
85 MSAV -- Early Microsoft Virus scanner.
86 MSD -- Diagnostics utility.
87 MSCDEX -- Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.
88 NBTSTAT -- Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT
89 NET -- Update, fix, or view the network or network settings
90 NETSH -- Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.
91 NETSTAT -- Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.
92 NLSFUNC -- Load country specific information.
93 NSLOOKUP -- Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.
94 PATH -- View and modify the computers path location
95 PATHPING -- View and locate locations of network latency
96 PAUSE -- command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.
97 PING -- Test / send information to another network computer or network device .
98 POPD -- Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.
99 POWER -- Conserve power with computer portables.
100 PRINT -- Prints data to a printer port.
101 PROMPT -- View and change the MS-DOS prompt.
102 PUSHD -- Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.
103 QBASIC -- Open the QBasic.
104 RD -- Removes an empty directory.
105 REN -- Renames a file or directory.
106 RENAME -- Renames a file or directory.
107 RMDIR -- Removes an empty directory.
108 ROUTE -- View and configure windows network route tables.
109 RUNAS -- Enables a user to execute a program on another
computer.
110 SCANDISK -- Run the scandisk utility.
111 SCANREG -- Scan registry and recover registry from errors.
112 SET -- Change one variable or string to another.
113 SETLOCAL -- Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.
114 SHARE -- Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
115 SETVER -- Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.
116 SHIFT -- Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.
117 SHUTDOWN -- Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.
118 SMARTDRV -- Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.
119 SORT -- Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.
120 START -- Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.
121 SUBST -- Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.
122 SWITCHES -- Remove add functions from MS-DOS.
123 SYS -- Transfer system files to disk drive.
124 TELNET -- Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.
125 TIME -- View or modify the system time.
126 TITLE -- Change the title of their MS-DOS window.
127 TRACERT -- Visually view a network packets route across a network.
128 TREE -- View a visual tree of the hard disk drive.
129 TYPE -- Display the contents of a file.
130 UNDELETE -- Undelete a file that has been deleted.
131 UNFORMAT -- Unformat a hard disk drive.
132 UNLOCK -- Unlock a disk drive.
133 VER -- Display the version information.
134 VERIFY -- Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly.
135 VOL -- Displays the volume information about the designated drive.
136 XCOPY -- Copy multiple files, directories, and/or drives from one location to another.
137 TRUENAME -- When placed before a file, will display the whole directory in which it exists
138 TASKKILL -- It allows you to kill those unneeded or locked up applications
2 APPEND -- Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.
3 ARP -- Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices
4 ASSIGN -- Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter
5 ASSOC -- View the file associations
6 AT -- Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.
7 ATMADM -- Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.
8 ATTRIB -- Display and change file attributes.
9 BATCH -- NRecovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.
10 BOOTCFG -- Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.ini
11 BREAK -- Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.
12 CACLS -- View and modify file ACL's.
13 CALL -- Calls a batch file from another batch file.
14 CD -- Changes directories.
15 CHCP -- Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.
16 CHDIR -- Changes directories.
17 CHKDSK -- Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.
18 CHKNTFS -- Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.
19 CHOICE -- Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.
20 CLS -- Clears the screen.
21 CMD -- Opens the command interpreter.
22 COLOR -- Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.
23 COMP -- Compares files.
24 COMPACT -- Compresses and uncompress files.
25 CONTROL -- Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.
26 CONVERT Convert FAT to NTFS.
27 COPY -- Copy one or more files to an alternate location.
28 CTTY -- Change the computers input/output devices.
29 DATE -- View or change the systems date.
30 DEBUG -- Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.
31 DEFRAG -- Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.
32 DEL -- Deletes one or more files.
33 DELETE -- Recovery console command that deletes a file.
34 DELTREE -- Deletes one or more files and/or directories.
35 DIR -- List the contents of one or more directory.
36 DISABLE -- Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.
37 DISKCOMP -- Compare a disk with another disk.
38 DISKCOPY -- Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.
39 DOSKEY -- Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.
40 DOSSHELL -- A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.
41 DRIVPARM -- Enables overwrite of original device drivers.
42 ECHO -- Displays messages and enables and disables echo.
43 EDIT -- View and edit files.
44 EDLIN -- View and edit files.
45 EMM386 -- Load extended Memory Manager.
46 ENABLE -- Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.
47 ENDLOCAL -- Stops the localization of the environment changes
enabled by the setlocal command.
48 ERASE -- Erase files from computer.
49 EXPAND -- Expand a Microsoft Windows file back to it's original format.
50 EXIT -- Exit from the command interpreter.
51 EXTRACT -- Extract files from the Microsoft Windows cabinets.
52 FASTHELP -- Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them
53 FC -- Compare files.
54 FDISK -- Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.
55 FIND -- Search for text within a file.
56 FINDSTR -- Searches for a string of text within a file.
57 FIXBOOT -- Writes a new boot sector.
59 FIXMBR -- Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.
60 FOR -- Boolean used in batch files.
61 FORMAT -- Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.
62 FTP -- Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.
63 FTYPE -- Displays or modifies file types used in file extension
associations.
64 GOTO -- Moves a batch file to a specific label or location.
65 GRAFTABL -- Show extended characters in graphics mode.
66 HELP -- Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.
67 IF -- Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.
68 IFSHLP.SYS -- 32-bit file manager.
69 IPCONFIG -- Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.
70 KEYB -- Change layout of keyboard.
71 LABEL -- Change the label of a disk drive.
72 LH -- Load a device driver in to high memory.
73 LISTSVC -- Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.
74 LOADFIX -- Load a program above the first 64k.
75 LOADHIGH -- Load a device driver in to high memory.
76 LOCK -- Lock the hard disk drive.
77 LOGON -- Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.
78 MAP -- Displays the device name of a drive.
79 MD -- Command to create a new directory.
80 MEM -- Display memory on system.
81 MKDIR -- Command to create a new directory.
82 MODE -- Modify the port or display settings.
83 MORE -- Display one page at a time.
84 MOVE -- Move one or more files from one directory to another DIRECTORY
85 MSAV -- Early Microsoft Virus scanner.
86 MSD -- Diagnostics utility.
87 MSCDEX -- Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.
88 NBTSTAT -- Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT
89 NET -- Update, fix, or view the network or network settings
90 NETSH -- Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.
91 NETSTAT -- Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.
92 NLSFUNC -- Load country specific information.
93 NSLOOKUP -- Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.
94 PATH -- View and modify the computers path location
95 PATHPING -- View and locate locations of network latency
96 PAUSE -- command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.
97 PING -- Test / send information to another network computer or network device .
98 POPD -- Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.
99 POWER -- Conserve power with computer portables.
100 PRINT -- Prints data to a printer port.
101 PROMPT -- View and change the MS-DOS prompt.
102 PUSHD -- Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.
103 QBASIC -- Open the QBasic.
104 RD -- Removes an empty directory.
105 REN -- Renames a file or directory.
106 RENAME -- Renames a file or directory.
107 RMDIR -- Removes an empty directory.
108 ROUTE -- View and configure windows network route tables.
109 RUNAS -- Enables a user to execute a program on another
computer.
110 SCANDISK -- Run the scandisk utility.
111 SCANREG -- Scan registry and recover registry from errors.
112 SET -- Change one variable or string to another.
113 SETLOCAL -- Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.
114 SHARE -- Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
115 SETVER -- Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.
116 SHIFT -- Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.
117 SHUTDOWN -- Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.
118 SMARTDRV -- Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.
119 SORT -- Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.
120 START -- Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.
121 SUBST -- Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.
122 SWITCHES -- Remove add functions from MS-DOS.
123 SYS -- Transfer system files to disk drive.
124 TELNET -- Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.
125 TIME -- View or modify the system time.
126 TITLE -- Change the title of their MS-DOS window.
127 TRACERT -- Visually view a network packets route across a network.
128 TREE -- View a visual tree of the hard disk drive.
129 TYPE -- Display the contents of a file.
130 UNDELETE -- Undelete a file that has been deleted.
131 UNFORMAT -- Unformat a hard disk drive.
132 UNLOCK -- Unlock a disk drive.
133 VER -- Display the version information.
134 VERIFY -- Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly.
135 VOL -- Displays the volume information about the designated drive.
136 XCOPY -- Copy multiple files, directories, and/or drives from one location to another.
137 TRUENAME -- When placed before a file, will display the whole directory in which it exists
138 TASKKILL -- It allows you to kill those unneeded or locked up applications
change the DOS background colour
The value DefaultColor controls the foreground and background colors used in command prompt windows. It has a default value of 0, for standard white text on a black background.
CHANGING DOS BACKGROUND
Open your registry (press win+r and type regedit , hit enter )
goto
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor]
u'll find "DefaultColor"
You can replace it's value with a two-digit hexadecimal number, in which the first digit selects a background color and the second a foreground color. The hexadecimal codes are:
Hexadecimal value Color
0 Black
1 Blue
2 Green
3 Aqua
4 Red
5 Purple
6 Yellow
7 White
8 Gray
9 Light Blue
A Light Green
B Light Aqua
C Light Red
D Light Purple
E Light Yellow
F Bright White
A value of F0, for example, would give black text on a white background, and 1E would yield yellow text on a blue background.
The change should take effect the next time you open a console window.
Hide 'User Accounts' from users
Hide 'User Accounts' from users
1.Go to Start/Run, and type: GPEDIT.MSC
2.Open the path
User Config > Admin Templates > Control Panel
3.doubleclick "Hide specified Control Panel applets"
4.put a dot in 'enabled', then click 'Show"
5.click Add button,type "nusrmgt.cpl" into the add box.
Windows Vista Defragmentation tools
Windows Vista by default uses NTFS file system. Sooner or later files on it will start to fragment.
Fragmentation can lead to significant disk I/O performance decrease. Common way how to handle this problem is a process called defragmentation
It turns out that Vista's defragmentation tools is little bit oversimplified.
As you can see, user interface lacks volume fragmentation information. So it is hard to say whether my volume needs defragmentation.
Be afraid not as Vista has command-line based tool - defrag.exe.
Windows Disk Defragmenter
Copyright (c) 2006 Microsoft Corp.
Description: Locates and consolidates fragmented files on local volumes to
improve system performance.
Syntax: defrag -a [-v]
defrag [{-r | -w}] [-f] [-v]
defrag -c [{-r | -w}] [-f] [-v]
Parameters:
Value Description
Specifies the drive letter or mount point path of the volume to
be defragmented or analyzed.
-c Defragments all volumes on this computer.
-a Performs fragmentation analysis only.
-r Performs partial defragmentation (default). Attempts to
consolidate only fragments smaller than 64 megabytes (MB).
-w Performs full defragmentation. Attempts to consolidate all file
fragments, regardless of their size.
-f Forces defragmentation of the volume when free space is low.
-v Specifies verbose mode. The defragmentation and analysis output
is more detailed.
-? Displays this help information.
Examples:
defrag d:
defrag d:\vol\mountpoint -w -f
defrag d: -a -v
defrag -c -v
Here's sample output on my system volume (C:),
defrag c: -a
Windows Disk Defragmenter
Copyright (c) 2006 Microsoft Corp.
Analysis report for volume C: VISTA
Volume size = 70.00 GB
Free space = 21.84 GB
Largest free space extent = 6.20 GB
Percent file fragmentation = 4 %
Note: On NTFS volumes, file fragments larger than 64MB are not included in the fragmentation statistics
You do not need to defragment this volume.
It is also possible to increase the amount of information returned by the tool, just specify -v switch.
Now we have some information about disk fragmentation and hence can decide when to start defragmentation process.
P.S. I had a strange filling when writing this post. In an operating system like Windows Vista with redesigned user interface it is awkward too use command-line tools to perform common task like disk defragmentation.
Fragmentation can lead to significant disk I/O performance decrease. Common way how to handle this problem is a process called defragmentation
It turns out that Vista's defragmentation tools is little bit oversimplified.
As you can see, user interface lacks volume fragmentation information. So it is hard to say whether my volume needs defragmentation.
Be afraid not as Vista has command-line based tool - defrag.exe.
Windows Disk Defragmenter
Copyright (c) 2006 Microsoft Corp.
Description: Locates and consolidates fragmented files on local volumes to
improve system performance.
Syntax: defrag -a [-v]
defrag [{-r | -w}] [-f] [-v]
defrag -c [{-r | -w}] [-f] [-v]
Parameters:
Value Description
Specifies the drive letter or mount point path of the volume to
be defragmented or analyzed.
-c Defragments all volumes on this computer.
-a Performs fragmentation analysis only.
-r Performs partial defragmentation (default). Attempts to
consolidate only fragments smaller than 64 megabytes (MB).
-w Performs full defragmentation. Attempts to consolidate all file
fragments, regardless of their size.
-f Forces defragmentation of the volume when free space is low.
-v Specifies verbose mode. The defragmentation and analysis output
is more detailed.
-? Displays this help information.
Examples:
defrag d:
defrag d:\vol\mountpoint -w -f
defrag d: -a -v
defrag -c -v
Here's sample output on my system volume (C:),
defrag c: -a
Windows Disk Defragmenter
Copyright (c) 2006 Microsoft Corp.
Analysis report for volume C: VISTA
Volume size = 70.00 GB
Free space = 21.84 GB
Largest free space extent = 6.20 GB
Percent file fragmentation = 4 %
Note: On NTFS volumes, file fragments larger than 64MB are not included in the fragmentation statistics
You do not need to defragment this volume.
It is also possible to increase the amount of information returned by the tool, just specify -v switch.
Now we have some information about disk fragmentation and hence can decide when to start defragmentation process.
P.S. I had a strange filling when writing this post. In an operating system like Windows Vista with redesigned user interface it is awkward too use command-line tools to perform common task like disk defragmentation.
Adding SafeBoot to the Boot Menu
1 Open a command prompt
2 Copy the current c:\boot.ini to another name (just in case)
3 With your favorite text editor, edit c:\boot.ini
4 Copy then edit the current boot line to another line. For example:
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Micro soft Windows XP Professional" /fastdetect
might copy and then change to:
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Micro soft Windows XP Professional Safeboot" /fastdetect
5 Start MSCONFIG
6 Click on the BOOT.INI tab
7 Highlight the second line with the additional name of Safeboot
8 Check the /SAFEBOOT box with option you want
Minimal - Minimal set of drivers
Network - With Network Support
Dsrepair - Directory Services Repair
Minimal (Alternate Shell) - Standard Explorer Desktop.
2 Copy the current c:\boot.ini to another name (just in case)
3 With your favorite text editor, edit c:\boot.ini
4 Copy then edit the current boot line to another line. For example:
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Micro soft Windows XP Professional" /fastdetect
might copy and then change to:
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Micro soft Windows XP Professional Safeboot" /fastdetect
5 Start MSCONFIG
6 Click on the BOOT.INI tab
7 Highlight the second line with the additional name of Safeboot
8 Check the /SAFEBOOT box with option you want
Minimal - Minimal set of drivers
Network - With Network Support
Dsrepair - Directory Services Repair
Minimal (Alternate Shell) - Standard Explorer Desktop.
Another way to Speed Up Web Browsing!
If you are in a networked environment and browse via network neighborhood, this tweak is for you. It speeds up your network browsing experiance.
Click Start | Run | Then type Regedit
Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/Software/Microsoft/Windows/Current Version/Explorer/RemoteComputer/NameSpace
Locate and delete this key {D6277990-4C6A-11CF-8D87-00AA0060F5BF}
Reboot.
Click Start | Run | Then type Regedit
Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/Software/Microsoft/Windows/Current Version/Explorer/RemoteComputer/NameSpace
Locate and delete this key {D6277990-4C6A-11CF-8D87-00AA0060F5BF}
Reboot.
Speed up Web Browsing
When you connect to a web site your computer sends information back and forth, this is obvious. Some of this information deals with resolving the site name to an IP address, the stuff that tcp/ip really deals with, not words.
This is DNS information and is used so that you will not need to ask for the site location each and every time you visit the site. Although WinXP and win2000 has a pretty efficient DNS cache, you can increase its overall performance by increasing its size.
You can do this with the registry entries below:
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servi
ces\Dnscache\Parameters]
"CacheHashTableBucketSize"=dword:00000001
"CacheHashTableSize"=dword:00000180
"MaxCacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000fa00
"MaxSOACacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000012d
Make a new text file and rename it to dnscache.reg. Then copy and paste the above into it and save it. Then merge it into the registry.
This is DNS information and is used so that you will not need to ask for the site location each and every time you visit the site. Although WinXP and win2000 has a pretty efficient DNS cache, you can increase its overall performance by increasing its size.
You can do this with the registry entries below:
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servi
ces\Dnscache\Parameters]
"CacheHashTableBucketSize"=dword:00000001
"CacheHashTableSize"=dword:00000180
"MaxCacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000fa00
"MaxSOACacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000012d
Make a new text file and rename it to dnscache.reg. Then copy and paste the above into it and save it. Then merge it into the registry.
Disable XP Boot Logo
It is possible to disable XP splash screen, which will slightly speed up the overall boot process. Be aware that removing the splash screen will also cause you not to see any boot-up messages that might come up (chkdsk, convert ... ), but if your system runs without any problems then it should not matter.
1. Edit boot.ini
2. Add " /noguiboot" right after "/fastdetect".
(or check the /noguiboot switch in msconfig on the boot.ini tab)
Upon restarting, the splash screen will be gone. It can be re-enabled by removing the new switch.
1. Edit boot.ini
2. Add " /noguiboot" right after "/fastdetect".
(or check the /noguiboot switch in msconfig on the boot.ini tab)
Upon restarting, the splash screen will be gone. It can be re-enabled by removing the new switch.
Windows XP boot defragment feature
A great feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment. This places all boot files next to each other on the disk to allow for faster booting. By default this option in enables but on some builds it is not so below is how to turn it on.
Start Regedit. If you are unfamiliar with regedit please refer to our FAQ on how to get started.
Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOpt imizeFunction
Select Enable from the list on the right.
Right on it and select Modify.
Change the value to Y to enable and N to disable.
Reboot your computer.
Start Regedit. If you are unfamiliar with regedit please refer to our FAQ on how to get started.
Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOpt imizeFunction
Select Enable from the list on the right.
Right on it and select Modify.
Change the value to Y to enable and N to disable.
Reboot your computer.
Restoring Access to CD ROMs
If you removed CD Burning software, or for some other mystical reason, can not longer access your CD ROM's,
in most cases following registry keys needs to be deleted:
Locate and delete the UpperFilters and LowerFilters values under the following key in the registry:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\Class\{4D36E965-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}
in most cases following registry keys needs to be deleted:
Locate and delete the UpperFilters and LowerFilters values under the following key in the registry:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\Class\{4D36E965-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}
Convert FAT32 To NTFS
To change from FAT 32 to NTFS for more stability and security, open the command prompt and type: "Convert C: /FS:NTFS". Make sure there is a space between the C: and the foward slash (/). Once you press enter it will ask you for confirmation and press Y. Then press Y and enter once more to reboot. It will take between one hour and 15 minutes to convert to NTFS. Now you can set passwords for files and use encryption. This also works for windows XP Home.
Speed up the HDD slowdown when booting
If you have a 3min+ or slower boot time where Windows XP seems to sit for 2+ or so minutes with the XP logo doing nothing before everything comes to life, then do the following.
Download Bootvis from Microsoft and run it the next time you boot. Do a 'Trace'
If it shows a very long 'HDD init' time of minutes rather than seconds then this is how to fix it.
This example assumes you have 1 Hard drive on your primary IDE channel and a DVD-ROM(or CD)
and CD-R on your two secondary IDE channels.
Go to start > right click on my computer > click properties. Click Hardware > Device Manager.
Go to IDE/ATAPI Controllers. Select primary channel. Right click properties. Click the Advance settings tab. Then on the device (0 or 1)that does not have 'device type' greyed out select 'disable' instead of 'autodetect'. This should stop windows trying to find a drive that isn't there.
If you have your IDE channels set up differently simply repat the above for the secondary IDE channel settings.
When I did this my boot time went from 3mins 20 to 35 seconds.
Download Bootvis from Microsoft and run it the next time you boot. Do a 'Trace'
If it shows a very long 'HDD init' time of minutes rather than seconds then this is how to fix it.
This example assumes you have 1 Hard drive on your primary IDE channel and a DVD-ROM(or CD)
and CD-R on your two secondary IDE channels.
Go to start > right click on my computer > click properties. Click Hardware > Device Manager.
Go to IDE/ATAPI Controllers. Select primary channel. Right click properties. Click the Advance settings tab. Then on the device (0 or 1)that does not have 'device type' greyed out select 'disable' instead of 'autodetect'. This should stop windows trying to find a drive that isn't there.
If you have your IDE channels set up differently simply repat the above for the secondary IDE channel settings.
When I did this my boot time went from 3mins 20 to 35 seconds.
Boot XP faster
1. Open notepad.exe, type "del c:\windows\prefetch\ntosboot-*.* /q" (without the quotes) & save as "ntosboot.bat" in c:2. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "gpedit.msc".
3. Double click "Windows Settings" under "Computer Configuration" and double click again on "Shutdown" in the right window.
4. In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".
5. Click "OK", "Apply" & "OK" once again to exit.
6. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "devmgmt.msc".
7. Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"
8. Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".
9. Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device 0 or 1 that doesn't have 'device type' greyed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect' & click "OK".
10. Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.
11. Reboot your computer.
3. Double click "Windows Settings" under "Computer Configuration" and double click again on "Shutdown" in the right window.
4. In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".
5. Click "OK", "Apply" & "OK" once again to exit.
6. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "devmgmt.msc".
7. Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"
8. Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".
9. Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device 0 or 1 that doesn't have 'device type' greyed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect' & click "OK".
10. Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.
11. Reboot your computer.
Easy Way to Adjust LargeSystemCache
1. Right click My Computer
2. Select Properties
3. Click Advanced
4. Choose Performance
5. Click Advanced again
6. Select either Programs or System Cache under Memory Usage.
Programs = 0 for the registry tweak equilavent
System Cache = 1 for the registry tweak equilavent.
2. Select Properties
3. Click Advanced
4. Choose Performance
5. Click Advanced again
6. Select either Programs or System Cache under Memory Usage.
Programs = 0 for the registry tweak equilavent
System Cache = 1 for the registry tweak equilavent.
Correcting System Hang at Startup
If your system hangs about 2 or 3 minutes at startup, where you can't access the Start button or the Taskbar, it may be due to one specific service (Background Intelligent Transfer) running in the background. Microsoft put out a patch for this but it didn't work for me. Here's what you do:
1. Click on Start/Run, type 'msconfig', then click 'OK'.
2. Go to the 'Services' tab, find the 'Background Intelligent Transfer' service, disable it, apply the changes & reboot.
1. Click on Start/Run, type 'msconfig', then click 'OK'.
2. Go to the 'Services' tab, find the 'Background Intelligent Transfer' service, disable it, apply the changes & reboot.
CDFS Tweaks
Here is the changes that must be made
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\FileSystem\CDFS
Look for that registry key, if not there, we must create a new key, then add the following values
CacheSize, this must be added as a binary value, then type in this value: ff ff 00 00
Prefetch, this key must be added as a DWORD value, then type in this value: 4000 hex
PrefetchTail, this key must be added as a DWORD value, then type in this value: 4000 hex
After that tweaking, try copying something across from CD, and you will notice it does produce a speed boost, but it becomes apparent after a while of using this tweak, you may or may not see it at first.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\FileSystem\CDFS
Look for that registry key, if not there, we must create a new key, then add the following values
CacheSize, this must be added as a binary value, then type in this value: ff ff 00 00
Prefetch, this key must be added as a DWORD value, then type in this value: 4000 hex
PrefetchTail, this key must be added as a DWORD value, then type in this value: 4000 hex
After that tweaking, try copying something across from CD, and you will notice it does produce a speed boost, but it becomes apparent after a while of using this tweak, you may or may not see it at first.
If CD ROM Stops AutoPlaying
Solution:
The service: "Shell Hardware Detection" has been set to Manual or Disabled. Go to Control Panel, Administrative Tools, Services. Return this service to "Automatic".
The service: "Shell Hardware Detection" has been set to Manual or Disabled. Go to Control Panel, Administrative Tools, Services. Return this service to "Automatic".
Increase speed by tweaking prefetcher settings
This is an unique technique for XP, which could improve the performance significantly by tweaking the prefetcher. Recommended hardware: PIII 800 or higher, 512M RAM or more.
1. run "regedit";
2. goto [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\Session Manager\Memory Management\PrefetchParameters\EnablePrefetcher];
3. Set the value to either 0-Disable, 1-App launch prefetch, 2-Boot Prefetch, 3-Both ("3" is recommended).
4. reboot.
1. run "regedit";
2. goto [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\Session Manager\Memory Management\PrefetchParameters\EnablePrefetcher];
3. Set the value to either 0-Disable, 1-App launch prefetch, 2-Boot Prefetch, 3-Both ("3" is recommended).
4. reboot.
Tuesday, July 14, 2009
LILO configuration.
The Linux Loader or LILO is one of the most popular methods of booting into Linux. LILO also makes a highly flexible and effective boot manager:handy if you have multiple operating systems installed on your machine.
If this were the first time that you installed Linux, you probably, would have gone the dual-boot way. But you do need a boot manager that will allow you to switch between the different OS' installed on your system. Linux provides LILO ( LInux LOader ). This is a very simple but flexible boot manager.
When your computer starts up, the BIOS executes a bootstrap program which lies in the Master Boot Record (MBR) of your first hard drive or your floppy. The MBR lies on the first sector of this device. The job of the bootstrap program is to locate and load the operating system. If you're using Linux then this will go out at boot and load the kernel into memory. LILO can take over this job and also act as your boot manager.
Ok, after that short introduction, let's move on to LILO. You're first encounter with LILO will be at the time of installation. You will be asked where you want to install it. The options given are MBR or the root partition of your Linux installation. Your choice will be based on your setup. There are other boot managers are available like Boot Magic and System Commander and you might want to use one of these instead. They're a lot easier to configure if you have multiple OS' on your machine. If so, then choose the second option. If, however, you do want to use LILO as your boot manager, you should choose
the first option. Also choose this option if you want to pass certain parameters to the kernel at boot. This might be required for troublesome hardware configurations or if you need to feed the kernel some pre-defined parameters at boot.
If you chose to use LILO then you can read on. At boot, you will see a prompt that looks like 'LILO:'. Press the Tab key to see a list of the operating systems that you can boot into. Type in the label of the one you want and press enter or just press enter to boot the default choice.
Once you boot into Linux, you need to take a look at the LILO configuration file. This could be any file but by default LILO will check for /etc/lilo.conf. Open this file and you will see something like the following.
boot = /dev/hda
vga = normal
read-only
prompt
default = dos
timeout = 30
append="hdc=ide-scsi"
image = /boot/vmlinuz
label = linux
root = /dev/hda2
initrd = /boot/initrd
The structure of the LILO configuration file starts with the global directives that are taken as the default values, unless overridden by a directive in the image sub-section.
Let's check out the various options here.
The first option here is boot. This is the location where Lilo should be installed.
'/dev/hda' puts LILO in the MBR. This is the option to select if you want to use LILO as your boot manager.
If you want to use some other boot manager then you will have to write LILO to the first sector of your root partition. This could also be true if you already have another installation of Linux on your machine, which is what you're using primarily.
This should point to the partition where your root resides. This is a globaldirective.
vga is a common option that you see in most lilo configuration files. Possible options here are 'normal' (80x25 text mode), 'extended' (80x50 text mode) and 'ask' where you are prompted for the text mode.
read-only option if specified, mounts your root partition as read only. This is recommended because it fsck checks require the file system to be read only. In any case Linux will re-mount your root file system as read-write at startup. This can be locally defined in an image section too.
prompt is another option that you should have in here. If not then LILO will not bring up the LILO prompt at boot. To see the prompt, press the shift key. This is a global directive.
default specifies the default boot image to boot. If this is not specified then the first image in the configuration file is taken as the default.
timeout in tenths of a second is the time for which the prompt is displayed before the default image is booted. By default the timeout is infinite.
append is one of the most useful parameters here. It allows you to pass parameters to the kernel at boot without any intervention from you. This can be a global setting or a per-image setting. Just enter the parameters that are to be passed to the kernel within double-quotes. The advantage is that you don't have to pass the parameters to Linux at every boot. Here using the append statement, I am telling Linux to use the ide-scsi module
for /dev/hdc, which is my CD-Writer. If you have some troublesome hardware that doesn't work you might want to provide Linux with the settings here.
LILO also allows you to pass these parameter right at the LILO prompt. Type the name of the image you want to boot followed by the options that you want to pass to the kernel.
LILO: linux single
Using the above, I could tell Linux to boot the image linux in single user mode. I could also use 'linux root=/dev/hda3' to specify another root partition to use.
Now come the image sections. Options in the global section can be overridden by options in the image sections. Each section begins with a 'image=' statement that points to the kernel image that you want to boot.
Each image section also contains a 'label' option. This could be anything you want. It is just what you will type at the LILO prompt to boot that particular image.
If you need to have a different root for this image or you are trying to boot another Linux distribution then you will need to specify the 'root' option here as well as any other option specific to that image.
For more security you could add a password for that image.
password='password'
You can also put in 'restricted' here. You will only be prompted if you want to enter parameters on the command line. Normal booting of the image will still take place. This is just to prevent someone from entering a parameter like 'single' and then booting straight into the prompt.
While LILO can boot other Linux distributions, it can also boot other OS'. The
section for booting another OS is essentially the same as that for the image.
other = /dev/hda3
label = dos
table = /dev/hda
Each section will start with a 'other=' which will point to the partition that the other OS lies on. As with the image section, there is a label to be given.
The final parameter is table. This should point to the device that contains the partition table. Definitely required because LILO will take the partition information from this table and pass it on to the operating system that it is booting.
Every change to the lilo.conf will require you to re-run /sbin/lilo to ensure that any changes to the setup are written down. If you update the kernel, re-create the initrd image you need to re-run LILO.
Lilo resides in /sbin. To run, simply type /sbin/lilo. You should then see something like the following
Added linux *
Added suse
Added windows
This shows the various images that I have in lilo.conf. The image after which the '*' is displayed is the default boot image. To change the default boot image from the command line, add a '-D' followed by the image you want to use.
lilo -D windows
Added linux
Added suse
Added windows *
This is about all you need to configure LILO. If you have any problems/
suggestions then please send me a mail.
If this were the first time that you installed Linux, you probably, would have gone the dual-boot way. But you do need a boot manager that will allow you to switch between the different OS' installed on your system. Linux provides LILO ( LInux LOader ). This is a very simple but flexible boot manager.
When your computer starts up, the BIOS executes a bootstrap program which lies in the Master Boot Record (MBR) of your first hard drive or your floppy. The MBR lies on the first sector of this device. The job of the bootstrap program is to locate and load the operating system. If you're using Linux then this will go out at boot and load the kernel into memory. LILO can take over this job and also act as your boot manager.
Ok, after that short introduction, let's move on to LILO. You're first encounter with LILO will be at the time of installation. You will be asked where you want to install it. The options given are MBR or the root partition of your Linux installation. Your choice will be based on your setup. There are other boot managers are available like Boot Magic and System Commander and you might want to use one of these instead. They're a lot easier to configure if you have multiple OS' on your machine. If so, then choose the second option. If, however, you do want to use LILO as your boot manager, you should choose
the first option. Also choose this option if you want to pass certain parameters to the kernel at boot. This might be required for troublesome hardware configurations or if you need to feed the kernel some pre-defined parameters at boot.
If you chose to use LILO then you can read on. At boot, you will see a prompt that looks like 'LILO:'. Press the Tab key to see a list of the operating systems that you can boot into. Type in the label of the one you want and press enter or just press enter to boot the default choice.
Once you boot into Linux, you need to take a look at the LILO configuration file. This could be any file but by default LILO will check for /etc/lilo.conf. Open this file and you will see something like the following.
boot = /dev/hda
vga = normal
read-only
prompt
default = dos
timeout = 30
append="hdc=ide-scsi"
image = /boot/vmlinuz
label = linux
root = /dev/hda2
initrd = /boot/initrd
The structure of the LILO configuration file starts with the global directives that are taken as the default values, unless overridden by a directive in the image sub-section.
Let's check out the various options here.
The first option here is boot. This is the location where Lilo should be installed.
'/dev/hda' puts LILO in the MBR. This is the option to select if you want to use LILO as your boot manager.
If you want to use some other boot manager then you will have to write LILO to the first sector of your root partition. This could also be true if you already have another installation of Linux on your machine, which is what you're using primarily.
This should point to the partition where your root resides. This is a globaldirective.
vga is a common option that you see in most lilo configuration files. Possible options here are 'normal' (80x25 text mode), 'extended' (80x50 text mode) and 'ask' where you are prompted for the text mode.
read-only option if specified, mounts your root partition as read only. This is recommended because it fsck checks require the file system to be read only. In any case Linux will re-mount your root file system as read-write at startup. This can be locally defined in an image section too.
prompt is another option that you should have in here. If not then LILO will not bring up the LILO prompt at boot. To see the prompt, press the shift key. This is a global directive.
default specifies the default boot image to boot. If this is not specified then the first image in the configuration file is taken as the default.
timeout in tenths of a second is the time for which the prompt is displayed before the default image is booted. By default the timeout is infinite.
append is one of the most useful parameters here. It allows you to pass parameters to the kernel at boot without any intervention from you. This can be a global setting or a per-image setting. Just enter the parameters that are to be passed to the kernel within double-quotes. The advantage is that you don't have to pass the parameters to Linux at every boot. Here using the append statement, I am telling Linux to use the ide-scsi module
for /dev/hdc, which is my CD-Writer. If you have some troublesome hardware that doesn't work you might want to provide Linux with the settings here.
LILO also allows you to pass these parameter right at the LILO prompt. Type the name of the image you want to boot followed by the options that you want to pass to the kernel.
LILO: linux single
Using the above, I could tell Linux to boot the image linux in single user mode. I could also use 'linux root=/dev/hda3' to specify another root partition to use.
Now come the image sections. Options in the global section can be overridden by options in the image sections. Each section begins with a 'image=' statement that points to the kernel image that you want to boot.
Each image section also contains a 'label' option. This could be anything you want. It is just what you will type at the LILO prompt to boot that particular image.
If you need to have a different root for this image or you are trying to boot another Linux distribution then you will need to specify the 'root' option here as well as any other option specific to that image.
For more security you could add a password for that image.
password='password'
You can also put in 'restricted' here. You will only be prompted if you want to enter parameters on the command line. Normal booting of the image will still take place. This is just to prevent someone from entering a parameter like 'single' and then booting straight into the prompt.
While LILO can boot other Linux distributions, it can also boot other OS'. The
section for booting another OS is essentially the same as that for the image.
other = /dev/hda3
label = dos
table = /dev/hda
Each section will start with a 'other=' which will point to the partition that the other OS lies on. As with the image section, there is a label to be given.
The final parameter is table. This should point to the device that contains the partition table. Definitely required because LILO will take the partition information from this table and pass it on to the operating system that it is booting.
Every change to the lilo.conf will require you to re-run /sbin/lilo to ensure that any changes to the setup are written down. If you update the kernel, re-create the initrd image you need to re-run LILO.
Lilo resides in /sbin. To run, simply type /sbin/lilo. You should then see something like the following
Added linux *
Added suse
Added windows
This shows the various images that I have in lilo.conf. The image after which the '*' is displayed is the default boot image. To change the default boot image from the command line, add a '-D' followed by the image you want to use.
lilo -D windows
Added linux
Added suse
Added windows *
This is about all you need to configure LILO. If you have any problems/
suggestions then please send me a mail.
Thursday, July 9, 2009
Keylogger
Keylogger which runs hidden in the background and automatically records all keystrokes (including Alt, Ctrl and other functional buttons). The interface can be password protected and the log files are encrypted. You can view the reports as HTML or plain text. In the hidden mode it is invisible in all operating systems. This free keylogger will be really helpful to both the system administrators and home users.
* Logs all keystrokes, is case sensitive.
* When viewing the keystrokes can show only the characters without showing the pressed system keys which is more convenient. For example, if the following keys are pressed:
"[Shift]It[Space]is[Space]free[Space]keylogger."
You can see the text
"It is free keylogger."
having checked the "Show only characters" option.
* Log search with or without the case sensitive option.
* All the information is stored in the encrypted log file.
* Generates the report in the text and html format.
* Works in the standard and hidden mode.
* In the hidden mode it is invisible in all operating systems (in Windows NT/2000/XP processes as well).
* Provides the opportunity to protect keylogger with the password, so that nobody except you could view the logs.
* Is not detected by antivirus software.
download now
* Logs all keystrokes, is case sensitive.
* When viewing the keystrokes can show only the characters without showing the pressed system keys which is more convenient. For example, if the following keys are pressed:
"[Shift]It[Space]is[Space]free[Space]keylogger."
You can see the text
"It is free keylogger."
having checked the "Show only characters" option.
* Log search with or without the case sensitive option.
* All the information is stored in the encrypted log file.
* Generates the report in the text and html format.
* Works in the standard and hidden mode.
* In the hidden mode it is invisible in all operating systems (in Windows NT/2000/XP processes as well).
* Provides the opportunity to protect keylogger with the password, so that nobody except you could view the logs.
* Is not detected by antivirus software.
download now
Hack the Window XP Administrator Password
Here are the steps involved to Hack the Window XP Administrator Password .
1. Go to Start –> Run –> Type in CMD
2. You will get a command prompt. Enter these commands the way it is given
3. cd\
4. cd\ windows\system32
5. mkdir temphack
6. copy logon.scr temphack\logon.scr
7. copy cmd.exe temphack\cmd.exe
8. del logon.scr
9. rename cmd.exe logon.scr
10. exit
1. Go to Start –> Run –> Type in CMD
2. You will get a command prompt. Enter these commands the way it is given
3. cd\
4. cd\ windows\system32
5. mkdir temphack
6. copy logon.scr temphack\logon.scr
7. copy cmd.exe temphack\cmd.exe
8. del logon.scr
9. rename cmd.exe logon.scr
10. exit
Make a shutdown virus
1. Right click on the desktop and go to New -> Create Shortcut.
2. Type in the windows that appears: shutdown -s -t 60 -c "Virus Detection. Computer is shutting down." Instead of 60 you can put what value you want. It represents the time in seconds. And also between quotes you can put what message you desire.
3. Click Next and type Internet Explorer. You can write whatever you want.
4. You will have a program like this on your desktop.
5. We need to change its icon to look like Internet Explorer. Right click on it and choose Properties.
6. Go to Shortcut ->Change Icon.
7. You can find the icon in the ones available or go to C:/Program Files/ Internet Explorer and select the icon from there.
8. After the icon is selected press Open.
9. The 'virus' will look like Internet Explorer.
10. And when you open it the computer will be closed in 60 seconds or whatever value you chosed.
11. The only way to stop the computer from shutting down is to go to Start->Run and type shutdown -a, and press Enter
Remember that this is just for educational purposes only and you should not harm computers and their functionality.
2. Type in the windows that appears: shutdown -s -t 60 -c "Virus Detection. Computer is shutting down." Instead of 60 you can put what value you want. It represents the time in seconds. And also between quotes you can put what message you desire.
3. Click Next and type Internet Explorer. You can write whatever you want.
4. You will have a program like this on your desktop.
5. We need to change its icon to look like Internet Explorer. Right click on it and choose Properties.
6. Go to Shortcut ->Change Icon.
7. You can find the icon in the ones available or go to C:/Program Files/ Internet Explorer and select the icon from there.
8. After the icon is selected press Open.
9. The 'virus' will look like Internet Explorer.
10. And when you open it the computer will be closed in 60 seconds or whatever value you chosed.
11. The only way to stop the computer from shutting down is to go to Start->Run and type shutdown -a, and press Enter
Remember that this is just for educational purposes only and you should not harm computers and their functionality.
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